Coisas e Coisas
- London Culture Industry Now!
The first in a series of three lectures and debates on the changing share of the culture industry in London, hosted by the MA Culture Industry, Centre for Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths. 'Creative Capital? (Mis)understanding the Culture Industry'....
- Indústria Cultural E Criativa Em Zhou Yujun
"Cultural creative industry is the inheritance and development of the cultural industry, mainly refers to those gaining momentum from the individual creativity, skill and talent in the enterprise, as well as those activities through the development of...
- Europe's Cultural And Creative Sectors From 2014
"Creative Europe: support programme for Creative Europe is the new EU programme dedicated to the cultural and creative sectors, proposed by the European Commission on 23 November 2011. that will run from 2014 to2020. The proposal is now under discussion...
- Creative Industries In Estonia, Latvia And Lithuania
Creative Industries in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 2010, annual review. Discussions of the creative industries (CI) agenda in the Baltic countries date back to the beginning of 2000. The British Council has played a remarkable role in promoting the...
- Cultural And Creative Industries In Germany
Culture and Creative Industries in Germany 2009 - Monitoring of Selected Economic Key Data on Culture and Creative Industries is a paper belonging to the Initiative Culture and Creative Industries of the German Federal Government (managed by the Federal...
Coisas e Coisas
Exploring the cultural and creative industries debate
[This article is taken from Exploring the cultural and creative industries debate]
“The idea of ‘creativity’ that till recently artists had the principal claim on has been vastly expanded over the last decade. Today, it is applied to a very broad range of activities and professions, many of which are far removed from artistic creation. "But where do we locate ourselves in this ‘creative industries’ agenda?”
Read the view of our ex-president Raj Isar on “why it is important to understand the cultural economy and to reflect on the impacts it has on non-market forms of cultural activity”.
Lying at the crossroads between the arts, business and technology, the creative industries can be defined as “those industries that have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property” (UK Creative Industries Task Force, 1997). The sector comprises a large variety of creative fields, from those heavily industrialised such as advertising and marketing, broadcasting, film industries, Internet and mobile content industry, music industries, print and electronic publishing, video and computer games to those less industrialised like the traditional fields of visual arts (painting, sculpture), performing arts (theatre, opera, concerts, and dance), museums and library services. Other creative activities include the crafts, fashion, design industry and household objects. They might also include architecture, cultural tourism, and even sport. They are knowledge-based and labour-intensive, creating employment and wealth. By nurturing creativity and fostering innovation, societies hope both to maintain cultural diversity and to enhance economic performance.
For international organisations such as the UNESCO and GATT, cultural industries (sometimes also known as "creative industries") combine the creation, production, and distribution of goods and services that are cultural in nature and usually protected by intellectual property rights.
The creative industries represent already a leading sector of the economy in the OECD countries, with an annual growth rates between 5 and 20 percent. The sector is increasingly important for the knowledge-based economy as it is knowledge and labour intensive and fosters innovation; it has a huge potential for generation of employment and export expansion.
[This article is taken from Exploring the cultural and creative industries debate]
“The idea of ‘creativity’ that till recently artists had the principal claim on has been vastly expanded over the last decade. Today, it is applied to a very broad range of activities and professions, many of which are far removed from artistic creation. "But where do we locate ourselves in this ‘creative industries’ agenda?”
Read the view of our ex-president Raj Isar on “why it is important to understand the cultural economy and to reflect on the impacts it has on non-market forms of cultural activity”.
Lying at the crossroads between the arts, business and technology, the creative industries can be defined as “those industries that have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property” (UK Creative Industries Task Force, 1997). The sector comprises a large variety of creative fields, from those heavily industrialised such as advertising and marketing, broadcasting, film industries, Internet and mobile content industry, music industries, print and electronic publishing, video and computer games to those less industrialised like the traditional fields of visual arts (painting, sculpture), performing arts (theatre, opera, concerts, and dance), museums and library services. Other creative activities include the crafts, fashion, design industry and household objects. They might also include architecture, cultural tourism, and even sport. They are knowledge-based and labour-intensive, creating employment and wealth. By nurturing creativity and fostering innovation, societies hope both to maintain cultural diversity and to enhance economic performance.
For international organisations such as the UNESCO and GATT, cultural industries (sometimes also known as "creative industries") combine the creation, production, and distribution of goods and services that are cultural in nature and usually protected by intellectual property rights.
The creative industries represent already a leading sector of the economy in the OECD countries, with an annual growth rates between 5 and 20 percent. The sector is increasingly important for the knowledge-based economy as it is knowledge and labour intensive and fosters innovation; it has a huge potential for generation of employment and export expansion.
The Lisbon Strategy of the EU
For the EU and in the context of its ‘Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs’ in particular, the economy of culture/cultural industries debate has also raised considerably in the last years. This interest materialised in the KEA European Affairs’ study on the Economy of Culture in Europe commissioned by the European Commission and published by the end of 2006. This broad ranging piece of research looks at ‘quantifiable’ and ‘non-quantifiable’ impact of the cultural sector on the objectives of the Lisbon agenda and makes a series of recommendations towards a ‘strategy for a creative Europe’.
The study works with what it calls the “cultural and creative” sector, trying to reconcile the two. The “cultural sector” covers for the study visual arts, performing arts and heritage, but also “cultural industries” (film and video, video-games broadcasting, music, book and press publishing). The “creative sector”, is defined as using cultural input for the production of non-cultural goods and covers design, architecture, and advertising). Related industries, which are dependent on the two above-mentioned, are also considered. The study’s aim is to show the impact of the cultural and creative sector on the fulfillment of the objectives of the ‘Lisbon agenda’ and to make recommendations for improvement of the same agenda.
The quantifiable socio-economic impact of the sector is translated into figures of the following type: the sector had a total turn-over of 654 billion € in 2003; its value added to the European Union’s GDP was thus of 2,6%; a sectoral growth of 12,3% is higher than the growth of the EU economy; the sector gives work to 3,1% (or 5,8 million) of the total number of employed persons in the EU. The increase of the sector between 2002-2004 was 1,85%, and thus higher than the increase of the EU economy as a whole.
Non-quantifiable contribution to the Lisbon objectives would include the impact on ICT, with a broadband boom parallel to and depending on the growth of creative content; culture as a “soft location factor” in boosting local & regional attractiveness for business settlements; and culture being a major driving force for tourism. The study also regards the role of culture as a tool for social integration and cohesion through social and socio-economic empowerment (through socio-cultural centres etc) or through top-down projects (e.g. rehabilitation of post-industrial areas) as a considerable contribution made to the social objectives of the ‘Lisbon agenda’.
The study also makes a number of recommendations to achieve the Lisbon objectives. The Lisbon agenda should include increasing and improved investment in creativity, as well as “improving creation, production, distribution, promotion of, and access to, cultural activities and content”. The study recommends concrete actions to be undertaken by the EU: Making better use of existing programmes (FP7, structural funds, support to SMEs); focusing the EU budget equally on creation and on innovation; reinforcing the Internal Market for creative people, products and services (e.g. artists’ mobility); promoting creativity and business education, linking creators and technology (clustering of competences in so-called ‘creativity platforms’); establishing a creative industries bank based on investment in intangible assets; and integrating the cultural dimension in cooperation and trade agreements.
The study also proposes steps towards structural reforms in the Commission. It calls for reinforced coordination of activities and policies impacting on the cultural and creative sector within the European Commission; for better interaction between European institutions and the cultural and creative sector to ensure proper representation and consultation; and for a comprehensive and coherent implementation of article 151.4.
Following the publication of this study, the European Commission published in May 2007 its Communication on a European agenda for culture in a globalising world with one of its three stated objectives being ‘Culture as a catalyst for creativity in the framework of the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs’. Almost simultaneously, the Council of Ministers adopted conclusions on the ‘Contribution of the cultural and creative sectors to the achievement of the Lisbon objectives’ and in November 2007 the European Council adopted the ‘European Agenda for Culture’, endorsing the EC’s proposed priority on the economy of culture.
Since then, the European activity around the topic intensified. The European Parliament’s plenary adopted on the 10th of April 2008 a report on the ‘Cultural Industries in Europe’, a Member States experts working group met for the first time on the 31st of March 2008 to discuss the issue in the framework of the Open Method of Coordination and a ‘civil society platform on cultural and creative industries’ was set up to insure the sector’s input in the debate.
The study works with what it calls the “cultural and creative” sector, trying to reconcile the two. The “cultural sector” covers for the study visual arts, performing arts and heritage, but also “cultural industries” (film and video, video-games broadcasting, music, book and press publishing). The “creative sector”, is defined as using cultural input for the production of non-cultural goods and covers design, architecture, and advertising). Related industries, which are dependent on the two above-mentioned, are also considered. The study’s aim is to show the impact of the cultural and creative sector on the fulfillment of the objectives of the ‘Lisbon agenda’ and to make recommendations for improvement of the same agenda.
The quantifiable socio-economic impact of the sector is translated into figures of the following type: the sector had a total turn-over of 654 billion € in 2003; its value added to the European Union’s GDP was thus of 2,6%; a sectoral growth of 12,3% is higher than the growth of the EU economy; the sector gives work to 3,1% (or 5,8 million) of the total number of employed persons in the EU. The increase of the sector between 2002-2004 was 1,85%, and thus higher than the increase of the EU economy as a whole.
Non-quantifiable contribution to the Lisbon objectives would include the impact on ICT, with a broadband boom parallel to and depending on the growth of creative content; culture as a “soft location factor” in boosting local & regional attractiveness for business settlements; and culture being a major driving force for tourism. The study also regards the role of culture as a tool for social integration and cohesion through social and socio-economic empowerment (through socio-cultural centres etc) or through top-down projects (e.g. rehabilitation of post-industrial areas) as a considerable contribution made to the social objectives of the ‘Lisbon agenda’.
The study also makes a number of recommendations to achieve the Lisbon objectives. The Lisbon agenda should include increasing and improved investment in creativity, as well as “improving creation, production, distribution, promotion of, and access to, cultural activities and content”. The study recommends concrete actions to be undertaken by the EU: Making better use of existing programmes (FP7, structural funds, support to SMEs); focusing the EU budget equally on creation and on innovation; reinforcing the Internal Market for creative people, products and services (e.g. artists’ mobility); promoting creativity and business education, linking creators and technology (clustering of competences in so-called ‘creativity platforms’); establishing a creative industries bank based on investment in intangible assets; and integrating the cultural dimension in cooperation and trade agreements.
The study also proposes steps towards structural reforms in the Commission. It calls for reinforced coordination of activities and policies impacting on the cultural and creative sector within the European Commission; for better interaction between European institutions and the cultural and creative sector to ensure proper representation and consultation; and for a comprehensive and coherent implementation of article 151.4.
Following the publication of this study, the European Commission published in May 2007 its Communication on a European agenda for culture in a globalising world with one of its three stated objectives being ‘Culture as a catalyst for creativity in the framework of the Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs’. Almost simultaneously, the Council of Ministers adopted conclusions on the ‘Contribution of the cultural and creative sectors to the achievement of the Lisbon objectives’ and in November 2007 the European Council adopted the ‘European Agenda for Culture’, endorsing the EC’s proposed priority on the economy of culture.
Since then, the European activity around the topic intensified. The European Parliament’s plenary adopted on the 10th of April 2008 a report on the ‘Cultural Industries in Europe’, a Member States experts working group met for the first time on the 31st of March 2008 to discuss the issue in the framework of the Open Method of Coordination and a ‘civil society platform on cultural and creative industries’ was set up to insure the sector’s input in the debate.
Links
- The "CREATIVE SECTOR" - An engine for diversity, growth and jobs in Europe, An overview of research findings and debates prepared for the European Cultural Foundation by Andreas Wiesand in co-operation with Michael Söndermann, September 2005
- Publicly-funded culture and the creative industries by John Holden, Demos, 2007
- KEA European Affairs’ study on the Economy of Culture in Europe
- Communication on a European agenda for culture in a globalising world
- Conclusions on the ‘Contribution of the cultural and creative sectors to the achievement of the Lisbon objectives’
- European Parliament’s report - the ‘Cultural Industries in Europe’
References
- Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (eds.) (2004) The Blackwell Cultural Economy Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Anheier, Helmut K. and Isar, Y. Raj (2008) The Cultural Economy. The Cultures and Globalization Series 2. London: SAGE Publications.
- Caves, Richard (2000) Creative Industries: Contracts between art and commerce. Harvard University Press: Harvard.
- Cunningham, Stuart (2001) ‘From Cultural to Creative Industries. Theory, Industry, and Policy Implications’ in Colin Mercer (ed) Convergence, Creative Industries and Civil Society. The New Cultural Policy. Special issue of CULTURELINK, Zagreb: Institute for International Relations.
- Garnham, Nicholas (2005), ‘From Cultural to Creative Industries: An analysis of the implications of the creative industries approach to arts and media policy making in the United Kingdom’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 11, 15-29.
- Greffe, Xavier (2007) Artistes et marchés. Paris: La documentation française.
- Hesmondhalgh, David (2007) The Cultural Industries (Second Edition). London: SAGE Publications.
- Jeffcutt, Paul (2001) ‘Creativity and Convergence in the Knowledge Economy: Reviewing Key themes and Issues’ in Culturelink, Special Issue on Convergence, Creative Industries and Civil Society: The New Cultural Policy, (Guest Editor Colin Mercer). Zagreb: IRMO.
- Pratt, Andy C. (2007) ‘The State of the Cultural Economy: The Rise of the Cultural Economy and the Challenges to Cultural Policy Making’ in The Urgency of Theory, Antonio Pinto Ribeiro, ed. London: Carcanet and Fundaçao Calouste Gulbenkian.
- Scott, Allen J. (2000) The Cultural Economy of Cities. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
- UNCTAD and UNDP (2008) Creative Economy Report 2008. Geneva and New York.
[This article is taken from Exploring the cultural and creative industries debate]
loading...
- London Culture Industry Now!
The first in a series of three lectures and debates on the changing share of the culture industry in London, hosted by the MA Culture Industry, Centre for Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths. 'Creative Capital? (Mis)understanding the Culture Industry'....
- Indústria Cultural E Criativa Em Zhou Yujun
"Cultural creative industry is the inheritance and development of the cultural industry, mainly refers to those gaining momentum from the individual creativity, skill and talent in the enterprise, as well as those activities through the development of...
- Europe's Cultural And Creative Sectors From 2014
"Creative Europe: support programme for Creative Europe is the new EU programme dedicated to the cultural and creative sectors, proposed by the European Commission on 23 November 2011. that will run from 2014 to2020. The proposal is now under discussion...
- Creative Industries In Estonia, Latvia And Lithuania
Creative Industries in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 2010, annual review. Discussions of the creative industries (CI) agenda in the Baltic countries date back to the beginning of 2000. The British Council has played a remarkable role in promoting the...
- Cultural And Creative Industries In Germany
Culture and Creative Industries in Germany 2009 - Monitoring of Selected Economic Key Data on Culture and Creative Industries is a paper belonging to the Initiative Culture and Creative Industries of the German Federal Government (managed by the Federal...